Data Encryption Standard – Wikipedia

Date Year Event 15 May 1973 NBS publishes a first request for a standard encryption algorithm 27 August 1974 NBS publishes a second request for encryption algorithms 17 March 1975 DES is published in the Federal Register for comment August 1976 First workshop on DES September 1976 Second workshop, discussing mathematical foundation of DES November 1976 DES is approved as a standard 15 January 1977 DES is published as a FIPS standard FIPS PUB 46 June 1977 Diffie and Hellman argue that the DES cipher can be broken by brute force.[1] 1983 DES is reaffirmed for the first time 1986 Videocipher II, a TV satellite scrambling system based upon DES, begins use by HBO 22 January 1988 DES is reaffirmed for the second time as FIPS 46-1, superseding FIPS PUB 46 July 1991 Biham and Shamir rediscover differential cryptanalysis, and apply it to a 15-round DES-like cryptosystem. 1992 Biham and Shamir report the first theoretical attack with less complexity than brute force: differential cryptanalysis. However, it requires an unrealistic 247 chosen plaintexts. 30 December 1993 DES is reaffirmed for the third time as FIPS 46-2 1994 The first experimental cryptanalysis of DES is performed using linear cryptanalysis (Matsui, 1994). June 1997 The DESCHALL Project breaks a message encrypted with DES for the first time in public. July 1998 The EFF’s DES cracker (Deep Crack) breaks a DES key in 56 hours. January 1999 Together, Deep Crack and distributed.net break a DES key in 22 hours and 15 minutes. 25 October 1999 DES is reaffirmed for the fourth time as FIPS 46-3, which specifies the preferred use of Triple DES, with single DES permitted only in legacy systems. 26 November 2001 The Advanced Encryption Standard is published in FIPS 197 26 May 2002 The AES becomes effective 26 July 2004 The withdrawal of FIPS 46-3 (and a couple of related standards) is proposed in the Federal Register[23] 19 May 2005 NIST withdraws FIPS 46-3 (see Federal Register vol 70, number 96) April 2006 The FPGA-based parallel machine COPACOBANA of the Universities of Bochum and Kiel, Germany, breaks DES in 9 days at a $10,000 hardware cost.[24] Within a year software improvements reduced the average time to 6.4 days. Nov. 2008 The successor of COPACOBANA, the RIVYERA machine, reduced the average time to less than a single day. August 2016 The Open Source password cracking software hashcat added in DES brute force searching on general purpose GPUs. Benchmarking shows a single off the shelf Nvidia GeForce GTX 1080 Ti GPU costing $1000 USD recovers a key in an average of 15 days (full exhaustive search taking 30 days). Systems have been built with eight GTX 1080 Ti GPUs which can recover a key in an average of under 2 days.[25] July 2017 A chosen-plaintext attack utilizing a rainbow table can recover the DES key for a single specific chosen plaintext 1122334455667788 in 25 seconds. A new rainbow table has to be calculated per plaintext. A limited set of rainbow tables have been made available for download.[26]